Sure, Something like these. Look at plinth blocks for the door, and/or using bigger trim with plinth blocks. For where the floor meets the wall thicker baseboard trim with shoe molding or quarter round. https://i.imgur.com/KC8uny1.jpg https://i.imgur.com/JW4bxV3.jpg https://i.imgur.com/US4KJ0B.jpg

For your threshold you can get a bigger threshold, it may not match the vinyl plank perfectly but you can get something that closely matches it or at least something that looks good with it. Any home improvement or flooring stood should have a good variety of thresholds that are wider.

As for the second image, that gap it too wide for any sort of caulk and the best way to deal with it is to get thicker molding or staged molding using multiple pieces to build it out thicker.