Basically, you make a copy of the tree (or bush or vine, whatever)

What you do is you plant any old seed for that fruit until you get a seedling. Then you take a living branch from the tree that makes the seedless fruit and you replace the top of the seedling with it. This is called grafting. Basically, the seedling will repair itself with that new branch and continue growing from that new branch until it becomes a fruit bearing tree, making new seedless fruit. The beginning stages of the graft are the most dangerous because the seedling basically has an open wound and a very weak connection, but once that heals over its just like caring for a normal tree.

This is exactly what we have to do for apples because when apple trees reproduce, their offspring is very different from its parent, and very unpredictable. It makes it hard to get good apples from seeds, so we use grafts to essentially cline existing trees that we know make good apples. This also means that most fruit you eat is genetically identical (ie all honeycrisp apples are the same, all strawberries are the same)

This does lead certain varieties of fruit to be prone to disease. For example, the dominant banana in supermarkets in the 50s was the Gros Michel, and it tasted like the banana flavoring we have today (because the flavor was based on that variety of banana) but most of the trees died out due to a fungus that specifically attacked that tree. Bananas we have today are a different variety called the cavendish banana. They could easily fall victim to a similar fate, because like other fruits, they are all genetically identical to each other. We do have other varieties of banana produced in smaller quantities that are prepared to take over should the cavendish die out.

We aren't sure, and that's the only ELI5 answer that's possible.

Consciousness is a very complex topic both scientifically and philosophically. Can you even prove that I am conscious? Can you prove that your own mother is not just some automaton that responds to stimuli in a way you'd expect?

A recessive gene doesn't mean it doesn't exist, just that it doesn't get presented. Someone can carry the gene without expressing it.

For example, if we have a parent with brown eyes, and let's say they have 2 copies of that dominant gene, we will call that BB, and a parent with blue eyes, they kust have 2 copies of that recessive gene we will call by. The child will have one of each copy, to they will have brown eyes, but will have the genes Bb. If they have a child with another person with Bb, then they each pass one copy on at random. We can get B from both, resulting in BB brown eyes, or B from 1 and b from the other, resulting in Bb brown eyes, or they could get blue eyes and have bb.

Recessive genes just mean it's less likely to be expressed, but it's just as likely to be passed on.

Dwarfism is a dominant gene, but it's not taking over the genepool. Although is mostly due to the fact that having two copies of the gene is fatal.

Pounds of mass and pounds of force are both named pounds. 1 pound of mass has a weight of 1 pound of force while on Earth. We usually don't distinguish between them, but as long as you're on Earth it doesn't really matter.

Photons don't experience time since they travel at the speed of light. Time passes slower the closer you get to the speed of light, until it stops at the speed of light. A photon that is part of the cosmic microwave background is indistinguishable from a photon created by my microwave oven unless you see where it's coming from.

If you are looking at the photon from an outside perspective, when fusion happens in the core, a lot of energy is released. The same photons from that reaction dont necessarily make it to the surface, rather get absorbed and remitted before taking 8 minutes to make it to Earth. That process of absorbtion and remitting from the core to the surface, on average takes about 100000 years.

Perpetual motion is impossible because of the law of conservation of energy. Even if we had a wheel spinning for centuries, we would never be able to pull more energy out than the wheel itself has. The "servicing" in this case would be speeding the wheel back up, but that would take energy. If we wanted to, we could keep the wheel spinning for as long as we wanted, but that doesn't make it into a power source.

Where does money go when you buy anything? To the seller. They can use that money to pay whoever they need to (like the wages of construction workers) just like any business.

It's just a matter of spending the money before you have it. If someone wants to sell a home, they can take out a loan, buy land, materials, pay workers to build one and it's a gamble that they can sell the home for more than the value of the loan plus interest.

The buyer takes out their own loan (mortgage) to buy the home, the seller gets that money and uses it to pay off their own mortgage.

Businesses often operate in a state of constant debt (not with a deficit) constantly taking out loans to spend money to earn money that they use to pay off the loans. They end up with more money than they started with, and they can use that new money to justify larger loans or to start new projects, and they just grow from there.

Buying a home with a mortgage is really no different from buying groceries with a credit card. You use the credit card, the bank pays the business on the condition that you pay the bank back later. Using credit rather than cash or debit means there's more money free to circulate around the economy as long as you're responsible and don't spend more than you earn.

An equal sign is used to show a value is equal to another. 1+1=2

The equivalence sign is used to define one thing as equal to another. e is defined as (tribar symbol) lim x->infinity (1+1/x)^x

The material biconditional is the same as the equivalence sign.

The logical biconditional is just "if and only if" whatever is on one side must have the same truth value as the other side. It's essentially an equal sign for boolean values.

A liter is a measurement of volume equal to 1000 cm^3 or .001 m^3 . It is not an SI unit because it can be derived entirely using an SI unit. There are only 7 base SI units, meter, second, kilogram, Kelvin, mole, candela, and Ampere (should be a Coulomb but I don't make the rules), if it's not made up of those it's not an SI unit. A Newton is an SI unit because it's a kg*m/s^2 , a Coulomb is an SI unit because it's an A*s

Add delays to its reaction time, have it make decisions that are clearly not optimal, have it calculate less far into the future as to not understand the consequences of the current moment

Iron actually takes more energy to fuse than it gives out. It's the first element to do that.

A star is actually inflated by the energy output of the fusion. What happens during a supernova is the star starts fusing iron, all of the sudden the star stops putting out massive amounts of energy. This causes the outer layers of the star to fall inward very quickly under the force of gravity. All of those layers slamming into the core causes all sorts of reactions. At once and the bounce back from that is a supernova. So much energy is released during that process that it can create all the other elements from iron to uranium. They all take more energy to create than their fusion gives, but there's no much energy at play that there's still enough left over in the supernova to continue exploding.

It's really just price. USB has backwards compatibility built right in to the standard. If you take a USB 1.0 device and USB 3.0 device and plug them into each other, the USB 3.0 device will just work like a USB 1.0 device to ensure the 1.0 device will work properly

All that's required is flow. A glacier is made out of ice, but it's still a fluid. Each individual in the crowd isn't a fluid, but the crowd itself is.

Because if they can't bust you on the illegal activity, they can bust you for tax evasion they can prove are getting income you aren't declaring. That's how they got Al Copone, and it was only after that that money laundering became illegal to close another loop hole he was exploiting.

If you do declare the illegal income on your taxes, it can be used as evidence against you to get you on thr actual illegal activity you're doing.

No, not biologically related.

There's not really a word for it, and there's no biological relation for two reasons.

1. It's a step child (no biological relationship because the child was brought into the family by marriage)

2. It's an in-law (no biological relationship because the child's father was brought into the family by marriage)

Either one of these would be sufficient to say you're not biologically related

Best I could give you would be step 2nd cousin in-law.

If she wasn't a step child, she'd be 2nd cousin in-law.

If she was your 2nd cousin's step sibling, she'd be step 2nd cousin.

I'd keep it simple and just say 2nd cousin. You'd only really need to be more specific if you were donating an organ or getting married to her.

If we aren't producing enough, the grid actually slows down, and it will speed up if we produce too much. Depending in where you live, the grid runs at 50 or 60Hz. Once it drops above or below a certain threshold, we know to produce more or less power. Basically the generators at power plants encounter more or less resistance if they aren't meeting demand perfectly, so they can spin faster or slower than they are supposed to.

We have also gotten very good at predicting people's power usage, so we are prepared for big spikes and drops that happen at regular intervals like people getting home from work. We also account for how much solar power we get and adjust our predicted demand based on that because you can't exactly just turn off solar panels

When you have a bit of code that will be run over and over again with different inputs each time, you write a function. We need a start and an end to the function. Multiple ends are ok, but we always need to make sure we end it. If we don't don't the function, the code will just keep going, reading whatever is next after the function, thinking it's still in that function, and thats not ok. It could read anything, maybe even stuff you haven't written because it's not going through the code, but rather it goes through the memory of the computer and who knows what bits it will interpret as commands, what it will overwrite or what mischief it gets up to.

Let's write a function called divide

Divide(a, b)

If(b==0){

Return null

}

C = a/b

Return c

This is properly written code. If I instead left out that "return null" the function would try to do a/0, which it can't do.

Now lets write a function called multiply.

Multiply(a, b)

c = a * b

Return c

Here, if we left out return, the code would just keep running on and on through whatever memory address follow multiply. Let's say our function divide is kept there, then instead of returning a * b, it would return a/b

Wave particle duality. Everything acts like a wave unless it's being observed (interacted with). Just like normal waves can interfere and overlap creating a superposition, the particle's wave can be split into two states that overlap and create a superposition.

When we describe a particle as a wave, it's basically the probability density of where the particle is.

Schrodingher's cat is the go to example of this. There's a 50% chance the cat is alive, 50% chance it's dead. If we describe an alive cat as a wave function, and a dead cat as a wave function, we can add them together and get the wave function of our superposition cat. We can then take this superposition cat, and do all sorts of math on it. Let's say we heat the box up a few degrees. Instead of taking the wave function of an alive cat and heating it up, taking the wave function of a dead cat and heating it up and then adding the two together, we can take our superposition wave function, heat it up and we get the same result. It's a shortcut that only works because it behaves as a wave.

Once we open the box, we collapse the wave function, and the particle is essentially picking a random point (probably of each point determined by the wave function) and then the particle is there. If it helps you to think of it as a mathematical trick, then sure, you can have that, but it works like this in the real world or else the single photon double slit experiment and quantum tunneling wouldn't work.

Yeah, that's because the engine can't handle that kind of heat. It's still the same principle of removing heat from combusted fuel. If there were no radiators in a car, the heat would stay in the exhaust and engine.

The point is combustion produces heat, and we can remove that heat without touching the fumes. It doesn't become exhaust until.we want to get rid of it

We are very good at separating the exhaust from the heat. We can extract about 90% of the heat energy, send the exhaust outside while keeping the heat inside. Basically there's a heat exchanger that gets heated up by the reaction, and air blows over it, getting heated up and the exhaust stays completely sealed off until it goes outside. The same thing happens to heat a gas car, it's just using waste heat from the engine.

Dementia is actually a symptom defined by lessened cognitive ability.

Alzhiemer's is a disease that causes dementia.

Some definitions also describe dementia as a family of diseases including Alzhiemer's, but it's more accurate to call dementia a symptom

I'm not sure how random the placement of the embryo is, but I do know it can attach in the fallopian tube (ectopic pregnancy) and it can attach to either the front or back of the uterus, which affects how much you can feel kicks from the baby (fewer if it attached to the front)

Yes, because we can change the direction of gravity on pregnant women. It's called having them lay down for extended periods of time

It's also important to note that the baby (well before birth) will flip upside down as a result of gravity. Without gravity the likelihood of a breach birth (feet first) is very high, and a breach birth is very dangerous.