> So then do we know for sure photons actually move and don't just vibrate or something

That's like asking "is it a particle or is it a wave?"

I'm missing something but too tired to care. Of course light reinforces and cancels like any other wave.

> Sound waves are not carried by particles

Um, they don't do well in a vacuum.

> Is the output from that antenna a variable waveform photon, or is it multiple photons of different wavelengths being produced at once.

A photon is a fixed unit of energy whose energy is proportional to its color.

If the station is an AM station, the photon are pumped out as if the woofer were attached to a photon pump, pushing more photons out on the upwave, and pulling back to create a relative rarity of photons on the downwave. The audio modulates the amplitude of the output signal (# of photons). The carrier remains on one frequency, as tightly controlled as possible - "1410 on your radio dial" 1411 is a little staticky, 1415 is worse, and 1450 is a whole nother station. Carriers run from 680kHz to 1500 kHz.

If the station is an FM station, it still pumps out photons but the audio isn't encoded in the amplitude of the waves. Instead a signal is generated at say 95Mhz, but it's allowed to warble, to swing 0.1 Mhz either way. Music is encoded onto the warble, so that high notes are one wavelength and low notes are slightly different, a continuum that lets you trace out the audio waveform.

So the FM station pumps out a steady energy but the wavelength warbles between 95.0 and 95.1, so that a curve y=f-95.0 plots the musical waveform. It's a little more ocmplex bc they actually create two signals on either side of 95.0, 94.9 for left and 95.1 for right. Or VV.

If I haven't totally munged this explanation, perhaps someone can explain how volume is encoded in FM.

> If by complex the OP simply means complicated

No he means formed, like the difference between the waveform pattern for a tuning fork (smooth sinusoidal) vs complicated like an oboe. The flute pattern below shows strong influence from the third harmonic.

https://i.imgur.com/Qp13d3Y.png

I don't know of any way to impose harmonics like that on a photon, but I'm willing to listen if someone says otherwise.

> What does this mean? The sound that we hear from an oboe or a flute consists of multiple frequencies added together.

Yes, we call them harmonics, and they are the basis for octaves resulting from dividing a string into two (880hz A) or three (1320hz E) or four (1760hz A) etc parts.

So the harmonics are always higher frequency than the principal pitch, and and the first harmonic is always twice the value of the principal, eg middle C to C above middle C.

But visible light doesn't allow even the first harmonic, because 400 nm to 800 nm would make the first harmonic infrared.

So if you COULD modulate a radio wave with harmonics, which you can't, it won't create any new colors or visible whizbang.

> I've always imagined radio signals as enormous photons

No bigger or smaller than other photons, just a different color.. infra-infra-infra-red.

> and we can generate very complicated wave forms with radio.

Whoa hoss. We can generate very complicated AUDIO waveforms superimposed on a carrier of radio but the CARRIER remains a sine wave and varies its amplitude (AM) or frequency (FM) in synch with the AUDIO waveform it encodes.

Since there are blue photons (400 nm) and red photons (700 nm) we can combine them but they still behave like two different photons and stimulate two different photopigments inside the eye.

> So can we form complex wave form light?

No. I don't think photons interact that way, creating the harmonics that distinguish a flute tone from an oboe. IF they did, it would be in the [Edit:] ultraviolet range

> Are there natural phenomenon which produce odd looking wave forms?

Photons are wavicles and appear to contain only one wavelength.

> Does a refraction grating separate out different wavelength photons,

*diffraction Yes, unavoidably because each color diffracts to a different degree. So the grating pattern gets lost. To get a useful grating patterns you need monochromatic light.

Copenhagen Cowboys?

There are over 200 viruses known to cause a "cold." They include several families, like rhinoviruses, adenoviruses and coronaviruses. As a rule, those families don't "lie dormant" like herpesviruses.

Getting a cold often incurs some immunity to that virus, and maybe a few of its cousins, for a few months or years. But immunity to one virus doesn't guarantee immunity from all the other cold viruses.

Also bacteria can cause superinfections in compromised tissue, and general infections or metabolic stress makes one more susceptible to viral infections. Cold sores come back under stress, but those are herpesvirus, not "cold" viruses.

NIH: More than 200 different viruses are known to cause the symptoms of the common cold. An estimated 30-35% of all adult colds are caused by rhinoviruses. In people with asthma, particularly children, rhinovirus infections are also frequently associated with flare-ups.

Last edit.

Before you downvote, read the damn thing.

PBS: When Alabama’s state constitution was written in 1901 by 155 white men, their goal was to “establish white supremacy in this state.” The document has been hotly debated ever since. Earlier this month, the state legislature took an important step: voting unanimously to delete the racist language that remains in the document.

In a move supporting Gov. DeSantis, the Alabama legislature passes bill to prohibit teaching the 1901 Alabama Constitution.

/s

There are no pain receptors in the trunk of the nerve, only at the ends. Pinch the ulnar nerve at the elbow and you get pins and needles along the underside of the arm and last 2 fingers, not at the elbow.

You can open the skull and stimulate the postcentral gyrus directly, and the sensation will be from the foot, not the head.

When the nerve loses its function (or you lose a limb), the brain it was attached to hallucinates and gives you phantom paresthesias that feel like the limb itself, and not the stump.

Imagine breathing through a 50-foot garden hose.

You breathe in, you might take in all the air in the hose.

You breathe out, you put that same air back into the hose.

Breathe in again, and you get the same air you breathed out but now it doesn't have much oxygen left.

By the third breath, your lungs have removed all the oxygen out of the air in the hose. The volume of air in the hose is considered "dead air" (tidal volume).

The difference between nerves that carry light touch and nerves that carry deep pain is pretty big. Remember stubbing your toe and waiting for the pain to arrive?

The difference between a short person and a tall person is not as big as that.

Don't miss the little flowers on the star at the top!

The optic nerve doesn't carry individual pixel information. There are 100 million rods and cones, and only 1 million axons traveling up the optic nerve.

These axons make up the optic nerve behind the eye. The problems with cutting this nerve and connecting another look insurmountable.

1. the optic nerve axons are long extensions of ganglion cells, but the cell bodies are in the retina. You can't cut these axons and expect them to grow back because the part you cut off will die and the ganglion cells could not figure out the precise path from point A in the retina to point A-prime in the base of the brain. CNS tissue doesn't regenerate very well.

2. the transmitted image isn't a pixel map, but more a collection of motion and orientation vectors your brain assembles and learns to associate with, then recognize as, your mother's face. Learning at this level is a skill we lose in the first few years of childhood. Adult amblyopia is very hard to treat.

Given that we're cracking the code, given that there IS a pixel-type pattern of locations we can map in the visual cortex, it's more practical to project vision onto a mesh network of microelectrodes that make direct contact at the surface of the brain. Cybervision will happen before we can transplant/reconnect central nervous system tissue.

The skill necessary to "re-grow" vision will also enable monsters among us to create their own monsters.

Well that screws my narrative!

Have a Merry anyway!

It looks like a star-shaped driver, unusual type you aren't likely to have at home.

See, the plan is you tighten this weird screw exactly once, then lose the driver. It's designed to stay tight 18 months. That's about when you've beaten up the surface and overheated it until it's no longer stickproof. Then the handle gets loose and you get fed up and go buy another pan.

I actually like this plan when Home Goods has decent replacements like Calphalon for $25. Except Calphalons don't fall apart and they already come assembled. You can burn 'em out tho.

Is it against the rules to argue against BIFL? I can't find one of these for less than $250, BIFL units are $1000.

We get great performance from a 20x20 MERV 13 filter, fashioned to fit over a 20-inch box fan from Walmart. Decorative duct tape can hold it on and you're good for a year or two. I DIY-ed plastic clips out of thermoplastic, screwed to the fan body. It's lasted 4 seasons now. MERV-13 filters are $15, fans are $20, I can buy 10 complete homebrew units out of my local discount store for $350.

Learning to peel their feet off is a simple coordination programmed in reflex arcs at the spinal cord and probably already developing at hatch-time.

Standing and walking for humans involves the ears and cerebellum and higher functions that take a lot longer to develop.

Same in Birmingham 20 years ago.

Nah this feels cozy, protected.

Six minutes later and we wouldn't be double-taxed on social security benefits.

I bought and sold a lot in 1998-2000 and have a bunch of antique technical stuff to sell now that I'm retired.

Is it a still a safe place to sell and get paid?

Did not expect the Vatican imprimatur on an eBay sale.

It ain't the rust.