You have MILLIONS of transistors in there, and they're applied with a process that's like photography. So you're asking them to go to the biggest zoom possible, right away. But unfortunately, every time you zoom a little bit more, you could have more errors. 1% errors means 10,000 transistors are bad, and that means that chip is shot, no good at all. Your computer could go haywire if maybe even a single transistor is bad, the error allowances are extremely small.

So if you look at it historically, look at what happened when they sent up the space telescopes. They had issues with the Hubble lens (zooming). Every time you step up in technology, there are errors that have to be worked out. Errors that could destroy your entire set of chips, resulting in billions of dollars in costs.

This. Grocery stores in the US are designed to serve a whole city or area; if you look closely they don't just have a lot of product, but also multiple check-out lanes and large parking lots. And the reason why is because the place is packed pretty much every evening and especially on the weekends, and lines actually form at the check-out registers.

The probability of rolling a 6 on a die depends on the die; if it's perfectly manufactured then it's 1/6, if it's crooked then it's different than 1/6. The probability doesn't change because in theory the die does not change physically, when you roll it.

In practice, dice can get chipped / worn out, so the probability CAN change. But for the purpose of statistical problems, you're considering "perfectly manufactured" dice that are brand new.

Front panel usually just has the headers (the connectors), with wires leading to the USB controllers (the chips that do all the USB functions) on the computer's motherboard.

So ultimately all costs are NOT equal, the USB chip may be able to control only so many USB 3 devices, but a lot more USB 2 devices, so a company may put a lot more USB 2 headers on the front panel than they could USB 3 headers.

There is a data bandwith limitation. And there's a chip shortage / chip cost limitation too.

By itself, heat energy goes from an object with high temperature to an object with lower temperature.

Refrigerators have to pump heat backwards, from low temperature inside to higher temperature outside. They do this by exploiting a behavior that gases have, if you compress them they heat up, and if you let them expand they cool down.

So the refrigerator compressor compresses the gas to high pressure (and very hot), and then a fan is used to blow room-temperature air at the radiator containing this hot gas, to cool it down to room temperature. The room where you have the refrigerator gets hotter as a result.

Then inside the pipes in the refrigerator, the gas is allowed to decompress. The gas goes very cold as a result, and a fan inside the refrigerator blows air inside the refrigerator compartments over the very cold pipes, chilling the inside and warming up the pipes.

Then the gas is compressed again and the whole process is repeated.

It's kinda weird because you think of carbon as a lump of coal, but the reality is that the ("outside") look and properties of a material depend on the molecules it's made of AND on how they are arranged / linked together. A ruby is aluminium rust. So you can arrange carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and get all sorts of materials: flour, sugar, wood, amber, ivory, fat, cellophane, gasoline, vodka, and so on.

Here's the chemical formula of fat.

The planet's gravity holds the soil, water, and air around the planet so nothing "drains out" into space. So everything gets recycled.

You've heard of plants photosynthesis? That's this reaction, carbon dioxide + water -> sugar + oxygen (released). The plant then chains the sugar together into cellulose which forms the body of the plant.

Animals eat plants and they digest the cellulose back to the individual sugars. Then they breathe in oxygen, and do the reaction in reverse: oxygen + sugar -> water + carbon dioxide + energy. The animal then pees the water and exhales the carbon dioxide.

So water (hydrogen and oxygen) and carbon dioxide (carbon and oxygen) get recycled around and around the Earth, for billions of years, between plants and animals and plants again and animals again.

Your body is made mostly of long chains of carbon + hydrogen and some oxygen here and there, like that fat linked above.

The term "carbon-based" is used as a contrast to "silicon-based". Carbon has this property of being able to link to itself in arbitrarily long chains, and thus form complex organic molecules. The (only) other element that can do this is silicon. Here's an article that discusses silicon-based life.

There are 10^20 atoms in a spoon of material, so trying to pass a spoonful of material through another spoonful of material is less like trying to pass a few ping-pong balls through the spaces in a volleyball net, and more like dumping a truck load of sand onto a beach full of sand. It won't sink.

There are 4 forces in the universe, and if you scroll that wiki article down a bit and look at the relative strength, electromagnetism is extremely much stronger than gravity. And the distances between atoms are very very tiny.

So everything feels "solid" because what you're looking at is forces that have the "push" and "pull" you would feel if you were 5 feet away from a black hole (take a black hole that has 10^36 Earth gravities (which is the strength of electromagnetism compared to gravity) and then go hang out as close as an atomic distance from it).

Yeah, currently we address people by their job title, so the PhD's tend to be addressed as "professor" rather than "doctor".

But we do use "doctor" for the honorific that goes with the person's name, for example you called Thomas Aquinas "St." (saint), he could also be addressed as "Dr. Aquinas".

I didn't downvote you, just posted to explain. Yeah my wording was terrible, so thank you for the chance to explain it a little bit better.

It's fair that kitchen staff get some portion of the tips, but it's not fair the way tip culture is used to keep people's wages lower than what they should be. That's why I used "supposedly".

Some places have a policy that the tips are shared. For example, at a restaurant the customer tips the server based on quality of food and quality of service, but the "effort" to make that food and present it wasn't just from the server / waiter, it was from the kitchen staff, too, and the dishwashers, etc. It's supposedly "fair" that they see some portion of the tip, too.

It's not supposed to be a contact sport, and with the pitch being relatively large, the one good way to indicate an injury (or just pain) is to be on the ground.

All cells (bacteria, as well as body cells) function from instructions from their DNA. The (master copy of) DNA gets copied to (working copies of) RNA (single strands of instructions) and then the cell's proteins execute the instructions.

Viruses are NOT alive because they do not have all of the internal processes and organelles that cells have. They just have RNA protected by a sheath. If a cell takes in a virus, the cell's instructions will get corrupted.

Arteries take blood from the heart TO the organs, veins return blood from the organs to the heart. At the organ site, you have a capillary to spread the blood out so it's within reach of each cell.

Water "takes a while" to move out of the way of an object that impacts it. And gravity accelerates you quite strongly on your way down, so from higher bridges you'll have quite a bit more speed than from lower bridges.

So bottom line, the faster you go, the more water will feel like a thick syrup, very slow to get out of your way and make room for your body, compared to your speed. The impact with the surface feels more and more like an actual impact, like hitting a solid surface. Such impacts cause fractures and internal damage, you can die from them.

Just to give you an idea, we do this with AIR too, that's what an explosion is. You can see an explosion's spherical shock wave, that is a wall of air atoms that are moving so fast that they are not going to get "out of the way" of any object in their path. The shock wave is just air, but it impacts with enough force to destroy buildings and kill people.