People are confusing electrons with protons here. The redox reaction between different complexes, which involves exchange of electron, generates energy to move protons in complex 1,2 and 4. That’s where the gradients are generated. As for where the protons are from, your bodies are full of water. Water is ionizable
kenanna t1_iwp059l wrote
Reply to Where do mitochondrial protons come from? by Infinite-Flow7945
People are confusing electrons with protons here. The redox reaction between different complexes, which involves exchange of electron, generates energy to move protons in complex 1,2 and 4. That’s where the gradients are generated. As for where the protons are from, your bodies are full of water. Water is ionizable