Not quite what you're looking for, but take a look at Deep Learning Interviews by Shlomo Kashani. If you want the cut and dry of interview questions on basic theory for statistical and deep learning methods, then this book is a great resource. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.00650.pdf#:~:text=Deep%20Learning%20Interviews%20is%20home,organized%20overview%20of%20the%20field

It's useful to approach these as toy problems. It's much easier to test and understand what's going on with a simple problem before applying to complex problems.

As an example, being able to model XOR with machine learning is a common intro exercise, since it shows the limitations of basic methods and the necessity for non-linear models. Obviously in real life you would just use XOR itself.