Probably the same or similar way that we can predetermine the sex of a baby.

Edit: Although, it would be interesting to study the effects of that karotype, because it is impossible to achieve under natural circumstances, so we don't really know much about it.

Yeah, I didn't think it had to do with geological activity, because it looks like they're also observing this phenomenon on the East Coast and the Gulf of Mexico, which I don't think are known for having seismic activity.

Well, let's look at it this way:

There are several types of amino acids that join together into long chains to form proteins. These amino acids are either hydrophilic or hydrophobic. This hydrophilicity is what gives proteins their shape. Because the body is mostly made of water, the chains will arrange themselves in such a way that the hydrophilic aminos will be as close to the water molecules as possible while the hydrophobic aminos will do the opposite. Additionally, during tertiary folding, separate chains of proteins come together via hydrogen bonds (ref. high school chemistry).

For prions to be able to misfold other proteins, it would need to overcome these chemical properties to replace one or several of these amino acids to cause a change in how the other protein folds.

The latter. Yes, prions get their pathologic properties by being able to misfold other proteins, but we don't know how that process works nor why it doesn't happen in other cases where proteins become mutated.

Prions aren't just misfolded proteins, they are a misfold of a specific protein found in the brain. That being said, it could be argued that any disease involving a mutant protein inherently means that it is misfolded, because changing just one amino acid on a chain can affect how that protein folds, thus changing its shape. Shape determines function in nature. We don't have an explanation for why prions specifically are pathogenic while other misfolded proteins are not.

Edit: Amino, not nucleic

From an economic perspective, waste doesn't mean anything if the product has already been paid for. Prices won't go up if it's the consumer that is throwing away the product after they have already paid for it.

Do the vast majority of teens/children under the age of consent that contract STDs get them from adults?

Students learn it as early as middle school in biology. The study of meiosis will inherently lead to at least a passing mention of "oh yeah, the whole sperm and egg thing, that applies to us humans too."

At least in the context of this article, they said seasoning was likely for flavor purposes given that the seeds the paleolithics used still had their husks, which gave the end product a bitter taste.

And that's how settled peoples discovered beer...also moldy bread.

I noticed in the article that much of the evidence of culinary practice was found in southwest Asia. Could it be reasonably presumed, based on human migrations, that paleolithic peoples who found their way to the Americas also utilized seasoning?

Bread is such a basic item that you'd be surprised by how little you actually need to make it. Sure, you may not get a product that's like what you'd find on the store shelf, but it offers the same benefits for paleolithic peoples.

I think a better question would be how someone would not notice that their heart is beating 150 times a minute.

War and disputes have been a thing since at least the dawn of European civilizations, such as the Greeks, if not earlier. And it's not like Asia or Africa were not subject to constant wars, though they took different forms.

In Asia, a lot of wars, particularly the bloodiest ones, occurred in China as a result of regime changes or collapses of the empire. While WW2 is the bloodiest war in world history, China has its share of the other 9 bloodiest wars.

>Neanderthals are from Russia?

And Europe

That sounds pretty high for the only metallic element that is liquid at room temperature.

>Honestly, there's something so 20th century about using a material that lasts for thousands of years but use it for everything disposable.

That sounds more like the current century. Weren't a lot of appliances built to last decades ago?

Mitochondria used to be separate organisms, but were integrated into other single celled organisms to make eukaryotes. The mitochondria still have their own DNA, and that DNA is passed down during cell division.

Babies inherit the same mitochondria that their mothers have, which can be detrimental if the mother has a preexisting mitochondrial disorder.

mRNA is created using DNA, so it doesn't make sense for mRNA to be integrated into DNA. Not to mention the fact that it is impossible, because both use different nucleotides.

Sperm don't have mitochondria in the first place, do they not?

>That’s like the OG source for the majority of infectious diseases, throughout history.

Most of the major plagues in history came from livestock.