That's what campaign fundraiser dinners are for. Those folks don't call the congressman's publicly listed office phone number.

The Dollar being used for oil transactions provides a degree of confidence and stability in the currency without being explicily tied to the value of a commodity.

This allows the US to engage in flexible monitary policy without running as much of a risk of severe inflation or deflatation, as even if the dollar loses some value, people will not be prone to quickly dump all of their dollars in favor of some other currency.

Usually some aide to the cobgressman will answer and take your call. They will then make a note of the issue you called about and whether you are calling in support of opposition to some specific thing.

These notes will be summed up and briefed to the congressman as a group:

• 36 people called in support of the bill banning booty shorts

• 55 people called in opposition of the bill banning booty shorts

• 23 people called expressing their love and/or hatred of you, the president, and Smokey the Bear.

*Note: Above examples are deliberately absurd and not intended to imply anyone's opinion on booty shorts or Smokey the Bear

How much the affects the decisions of the congressman are difficult to determine with certainty, but telephone and writing campaigns from constituents have been cited as the reason for a given congressman's vote, and many congresmen will refrain from sponsoring or voting for bills if the believe it will result in hostile backlash, so there does appear to be some effect if there are enough people calling and writing about the same issue in one direction. This also likely varies wildly by the specific congressman

It's a matter of maintaining the appropriate balance.

The human body works best when there is ~9g of salt/liter (based on normal saline used in medicine) which is necessary for electrical signals and chemical reactions that the body needs to keep functioning.

Seawater, by contrast, contains ~35g of salt/liter, more than tripple the concentration of the human body.

This means that drinking seawater intoduces far too much salt, but drinking water with no salt at all can dilute the salt concentration of the body, as some salt is lost via urine and sweat. Either of these extremes can cause problems.

The speed at which the universe is expanding is not locally sufficient to overcome the gravity (and other forces) keeping the Earth together.

Because excessive money printing results in excessive inflation, which screws up the economy.

The Federal Reserve (AKA: the Fed) loans money to banks in order to keep the flow of money between borrowers, lenders, and savers.

In order to control how much money is entering the economy this way, they raise or lower the interest they charge banks to borrow from them.

By lowering the Fed's interest rates, it makes it easier for banks borrowing money to offer low-interest loans to borrowers (like car and house loans), but also makes the banks less likely to offer high-interest savings accounts to savers, since they can get the money cheaper and reliably from the Fed.

By raising the interest rates, Banks will A) need to raise interest rates on the loans they offer in order to still make a profit and thus remain in business, and B) raise the interest rates on savings accounts so that more people deposit their money with the bank, which is necessary in order to have the money on-hand to offer the loans while borrowing from the Fed is more expensive.

In turn, this results in affecting how much money people have available for purchases. When people have more cash to spend, this increases demand, driving prices up (inflation). When people have less cash on hand, or would rather hold their cash in savings accounts in order to collect more interest, demand decreases, resulting in a downward pressure on prices (ideally only slowing inflation to a manageable level rather than entering deflation, which has its own disruptive effects on the economy).

I suspect you missed a "not" inthe last sentence.

Gas turbines can do a continuous burn to build pressure, limited only to the total flow of fuel and air.

Diesels are pulsed ignition, and are limited to how much fuel+air can fit in the cylinder without igniting early.

It sounds like you're thinking of the propfan

Turbojets can work for takeoff and low speed, where ramjets and scramjets will not. However, they have more moving parts and are therefore heavier per thrust.

Ramjets cannot operate with superaonic airflow through the engine, and thus must slow down the intake air highspeeds, reducing supersonic efficiency.

Scramjets are very efficient at supersonic speeds but very inefficient at low speeds.

Due to initial speed requirements, ramjets and scramjets are reserved for niche high-speed applications.

There are three major causes:

1. Erosion. Wind, rain, snow, ect. gradually wear down craters on Earth's surface over time.

2. Fewer surface impacts per m^2 . Because the Earth has a relatively thick atmosphere, a lot of the smaller rocks break up before hitting the surface or slow sufficiently to mitigate their impact on the surface.

3. Tectonic activity. Unlike the Moon, the Earth is still tectonically active, with volcanos faults gradually erasing some craters.

Because they can deal with in on a small scale and have very short times between generations, which then allows batacteria to evolve much faster than multi-celular organisms.

The core of the issue is that it take a lot of energy to convert N2 (atmospheric nitrogen) into Nitrate (NO3^- ), and is difficult for a plant or animal to do in their cells.

To illustrate the energy intensity of the process, AFAIK, the main mechanism for N2 to get converted to NO3^- is lightning strikes.