"Being affected by gravity" and "moving along curved spacetime" are the same thing. That's the whole point of general relativity: gravity can be described as objects following geodesics in curved spacetime.

E=mc² is the formula for the specific case of a stationary, massive object. That clearly does not apply to a photon. The full equation is E²=m²c⁴+p²c², which simplifies to E=pc for a massless particle like the photon.

Dominance has nothing to do with which genes are expressed. It's not about one allele "recognizing" and shutting off the other. Generally speaking for a gene on an autosomal chromosome, both alleles will be expressed. Dominance is a question of whether the effect of one allele can mask the effect of another. So for example let's say you had an allele that produces a protein which is toxic in some way and thereby causes a disease. Then even in a heterozygous organism the single copy of this toxic allele might be enough to produce the diseased phenotype and therefore that allele would be classified as dominant. The healthy version of the protein would still be present in cells but that doesn't matter. I recommend you read the "molecular mechanism" section on the wikipedia article on dominance for more examples and details.

Yes, this most famously happens in nuclear reactors where emitted electrons move through the water at speeds greater than light does. This creates the blue glow you might be familiar with through cherenkov radiation, a phenomenon analogous to a sonic boom.

Liquids always give off a little bit of gas, generating what's called vapor pressure. As you increase the temperature, the vapor pressure also increases. When it reaches the pressure of the atmosphere around the liquid, boiling starts to happen: the liquid can turn into a gas not just at the surface but also in the liquid itself, creating bubbles. And if you try to increase its temperature any more, you will find that you can't. It will just boil harder.

So because boiling happens when vapor pressure matches the external pressure, liquids boil at different temperatures if there are different pressures acting on it. Under high pressure, it will boil at a higher temperature; that's the principle behind a pressure cooker for example. At low pressure, it will boil at a lower temperature.

A speed of 0 would not imply that the object doesn't exist. Where did you get that idea from? All speed except the speed of light is relative and an object is always stationary from its own perspective.

It's a trick that allows us to use the equations of ideal gasses for real gasses. Real gasses are a lot more complicated to work with but it turns out they "behave the same as" an ideal gas at a different pressure (meaning they have the same molar Gibbs energy and temperature). That's the fugacity: the pressure an ideal gas would have to be at to "behave the same as" your real gas.

For example: Let's say you have a real gas with a fugacity coefficient of 1.2 at a pressure of 1 bar. Then you could either use some complicated formulas for real gasses or you could use the same old equations for ideal gasses but instead of the actual pressure (1 bar) you use the fugacity (1.2×1 bar= 1.2 bar) and you will get the same result.

Side note: sometimes fugacity is defined to be unitless, sometimes people give it units of pressure.

No, this doesn't really make sense. We can and do entangle things which are definitly not moving at the speed of light all the time. So your premise doesn't work.

Also, there aren't any valid frames of reference moving at the speed of light. It doesn't make sense to talk about something "from the perspective of a photon". Just look at the lorentz factor: you're dividing by 0. The only thing you can really talk about is what happens as you approach the speed of light. You could say that time freezes in the limit perhaps.