It depends on the initial value of the vehicle and the depreciation. If you are talking about getting a luxury German car new, that will depreciate significantly during the lease period. It might make financial sense to lease and the buy the lease on the depreciated value after three years. You know the car's history and maintenance so you aren't buying someone else's problem, you got to drive a brand new car, and your payments were never as high as a loan on a $80,000 car would be. There are other benefits, if the car was a turd you don't have to worry about selling it, you just give it back to the dealer. If you don't like it anymore, you don't have to sell at a loss, you can just give it back to the dealer.

The benefit, particularly with German cars, of riding the depreciation wave, is that they depreciate because rich people want new cars; not because the cars themselves are bad. People misinterpret why luxury cars depreciate, the demand for new cars is because people like them shiny. So if you are coming off the lease of a $76,000 vehicle you treated well, and the residual value is now $39,000, you can now buy a 3 year old full sized German SUV for only $4k more than a new Rav4.

Obviously there are risks to these schemes, but your financial advisor isn't necessarily shooting you wrong here. New cars are much too expensive, and used cars are too damned expensive!

Oh, maybe your right, it is the same idea though - except 401(k)s are employee sponsored and are subject to different limits. The fundamental tax question is the same.

When do you want to pay the taxes on your money, now or when you take it out? Will reducing your taxable income now be really beneficial to you? You need to answer those questions for yourself. Roth can be a really good option if you can afford today's taxes because the growth is tax free and the disbursements are tax free. That is powerful in retirement planning.

Pre tax can be helpful because you are saving a percentage before the taxes hit, so you might save a little more and it reduces your taxable income, you might owe the feds less money on tax day. When you go to take the disbursement you have to pay federal income taxes on it.

In both scenarios, the maximum you can save without paying a 6% tax is $6,500 a year if you are under 50. That is the benefit of a 401(k) plan, your maximum contribution is $22,500, also your employer match doesn't count against that limit.

EDIT - I interpreted ROTH as a Roth IRA, not a Roth 401(k). In general, though, the same considerations are taken into account; roth is after tax and pre tax is before tax. They are both retirement accounts. The difference is 401(k) is employee sponsored where as IRAs are individual accounts between you and your broker.

There are a lot of them, and one cable will hold about 72 individual fiber strands, that is a lot of full optical bandwidth. Space division multiplexing is a way to make more then one link over the same fiber strand, so you can squeeze a lot of bandwidth over one strand of fiber optic.

(https://community.fs.com/blog/application-of-space-division-multiplexing-sdm-in-submarine-optical-cable.html)

Due to the distributed nature of the internet, you don't actually have to cross undersea cables very often. There are caching points and content delivery networks so you are usually not more than a few hops away from your content. This can be arranged through something called 'transit agreements' and 'peering agreements'; that is an entire essay unto itself, but suffice to say almost every modern ISP POP (internet service provider point of presence) has a Netflix caching server in a server rack plugged directly into the service provider equipment. That shortens the distance between the content and the subscriber.

Source: I work for one of the major US ISPs.

Typically undergraduate degrees are conferred by a college and include associate's and bachelor's degrees. A graduate program is a specific college (so College of Business, College of Medicine, College of Dentistry, etc) that will award a Master's Degree or a Doctorate after completing the program. You must earn a bachelor's degree to earn a spot in a graduate program but you don't need a Master's degree to earn your PhD (academic doctorate) or professional (JD - lawyer, MD - medical doctor, DO - doctor of Doctor of Osteopathic medicine) doctorate. Professional doctorates almost always include a significant amount of time in licensure training. Once you graduate medical college you have earned the right to be called "Doctor" but without 2-6 years of additional training (called a residency) you are not licensed to act as a physician.

Airplane engines require air to work, that is conspicuously lacking in space. A rocket plane could go to space.

Engines propel by moving molecules from the front of the craft to the back of the craft, hence using a turbofan (move air from front to back with a fan powered by a turbine) or a rocket (blow a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen from the front of the craft out the rear) - a rocket can work in space because I am not relying on atmospheric mass (the air molecules) for propulsion. In space, gas molecules are too far apart for this to work.

The term for this is 'reaction mass' or 'where do I get stuff to toss behind me to make me go forward?'

They are about as different as you can imagine other than the fact they use a similar fuel. Diesel and jet fuel are often interchangeable, that is true, in fact you can fill a Diamond Piston Diesel with jet fuel, that engine is based on a Mercedes 2 liter automobile engine.

A turbine is any device that is spun due to something pressing against a medium. A fluid turbine turns because a fluid passes over the vanes and moves the, a gas turbine does the same thing but with a gas. There isn't an articulating motion, the more pressure you send through the vanes the faster it spins and the more power you can create. The turbine is a specific part of the engine, the whole thing is called a turbine but if you plow a fan through a tube which has a rod along the long axis and at the end are some veins, that is also a turbine. Those big spinny things they build in fields are also turbines. In a gas turbine like you are talking about, you use compressor stages to compress the air before it hits the actual turbine. Everything spins along a shaft(s).

A diesel engine works by compressing an air/fuel mixture and combusting it such that it pressures the piston back down allowing another piston on the same crankshaft to rise to compress or exhaust. Assuming the combustions create more power than needed to keep the crank spinning you can attach a shaft to the crank and create spinning power.

Articulating devices are far harder on the metals than ones that simply spin, there are some diesels and gasoline engines that are capable of rotating at very high speeds but physics limits you. A turbine, on the other hand, only spins, and since you aren't sending something of mass out and back again (like a piston) your physical limits are a lot higher. Your reciprocating mass on a piston engine is far higher, the faster you go the more apparent mass on your components. A turbine will hit a limit as well, but they are at much higher RPMs.

This isn't a great comparison, the problem with dividing by zero is it could be literally anything, it is ambiguous. To have zero in the denominator is to say "I haven't provided you the necessary information to extract a value from this ratio, therefore the value could be anything." Like if you were to say 1/2. I am saying "I have divided something exactly once evenly to produce two equal parts, and I have handed you 1 of those parts." 0/2 is saying "I divided something exactly once evenly to create two equal parts and I have given you zero of them." 1/0 is saying "Something was divided into equal parts but I don't know how many times and here is one of them." <-- that isn't enough information to create a rational number.

The square root of negative 1 is saying "in a real sense negative square roots can't exist, but if they did exist we can manipulate them in this way." It is similar to anything in a computer that is 'virtual', it literally doesn't exist but if we imagine they do we can still do interesting thing.

It is basically arbitrary but a consensus is the metric century (62 miles for those of us in the USA), 100Km, is pretty standard.

A really small atom, like hydrogen gas can move through what we think of as solid matter. Hydrogen gas can seep through metal! The world of the atom is weird, the iron atom is still tiny to us but it is 55.8 times heavier than a hydrogen atom.

What messes with your head is that the atomic scale is so different than our general experience. If the nucleus is the size of a pingpong ball the electron is about 500 meters away. But... this is an incomplete analogy, the electron isn't solid, like I said, it is weird.

We all know it though, it is depicted as having addictive properties.

They are total rip off artists. That 'service' section that is $6.5B, that is because you are not allowed to customize the software to your needs. Since every Salesforce install has to be custom, then march in the Salesforce consultants who are often far less skilled than the developers you have right down the hall to try and (usually fail) to solve all the problems you didn't have until you spent all your money on Salesforce.

How do I know this? Three reasons, we had a zombie consultant who was friends with the boss finagle him into buying Salesforce. Years later the zombie consultant left because he was 'set up to fail' when every demo and milestone of the project failed. My wife's company attempted, multiple times, to get their monies worth. And I have worked for one of their competitors.

If you value money, not waiting 30 seconds for a backend query to finally put values into your webpage, a modern interface, and developers that know what they are doing, avoid Salesforce like the plague.

Wouldn't want to inconvenience anyone by making them fill up with gas AND water.

Similarly, you can eliminate much of the nitric oxide and other damaging chemicals by mixing diesel with a bit of propane. Propane injection has been used by tuners for years to make their diesels go really fast.

https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/872095/

So why don't we do that? Well, because it is more convenient to replace diesel exhaust controls (the blue liquid) every 6 months than it is to add propane every fill-up, despite it being a better for the environment and better for the engine.

A little history, in piston airplanes of old, they discovered that by injecting some water in with the fuel/air mixture you get a denser charge and more power in the combustion. This is important in high flying pistons where you need a fuel with a lot of octane.

https://www.carthrottle.com/post/water-injection-how-does-it-work/

The other way to do this is with tetryl lead, one of the reasons why engines made big power in 1967 and that engine made terrible power in 1980. We solved all of the issues with making big power with unleaded fuel by using electronics and injection.

Water injection is the one tool we didn't use. We still run lead in AvGas even though we have known for generations that you could use water injection as a substitute for lead.

Just remember, the force never just goes away, it doesn't disappear into nothingness. It has to go somewhere. So if I chuck a bunch of mass behind me, like if I am carrying fuel and I burn it and it leaves me by escaping as focused gasses, where does the force of the escaping molecules end up? Intuitively you probably know this, the top of the combustion chamber.

Have you every stood up in a canoe or similar boat and picked up a cooler and handed it to someone on the dock? What happens to the boat? It starts moving away from the dock a little bit. As I hand it to the person on the dock the mass that was in the boat has moved and as a result the force of my moving it is transmitted through my legs and into the bottom of the boat. The boat moves in the opposite direction of where I moved the object of mass.

The why to all of this is a deep discussion about gravity, mass, and the nature of time.

The ECU.

The fuel mapping is something that just wasn't possible to the same degree with carburetors. We can really control the combustion to create that nice even burn (I forgot the term for it, wavefront, I think) that pushes the piston down with even power.

Add variable valve timing, smart turbochargers, 4 valve designs (2 intake, 2 exhaust), direct injection (shoot the fuel directly into the combustion chamber), and you can wring a lot of power out of smaller engines. Eventually we will talk about running water injection!

It had a clean user interface, especially compared to the others at the time. Early on it published a series of shortcut commands some of us still use. If you type define:[someword] it will return a definition. You can also pass common scripts and even mathematics to it and it will return what you expect. That is a really handy tool and nerds loved it.

What really sealed the deal, though, was its purchases of YouTube and DoubleClick. With ad information and being the defacto search engine for internet videos gave Google the behemoth status it has today.

I forgot about Keyhole, that was a big deal too. With that acquisition they became the default search engine for geographic data.

There is a lot of abstraction to work through, but referring to rule 4 it isn't for actual 5 year olds.

I suppose, if I were to try, I would say that files are written like you might write information in wet concrete that never dries. The write operations is taxing, you have to sit there with a stick and etch in information. At the beginning and ending of each block of etchings, you have a series of symbols that someone can interpret as "these chunks of concrete data represent file x". Now, if I don't need that file anymore it is a nightmare to sit there with a stick and etch out all the data I wrote. It is as taxing as writing the file to begin with. Instead, I change the symbols so instead of saying "these chunks are relating to these files" it says "There is nothing here of interest, use them if you want." You basically make the responsibility of overwriting old data to the new file being written. The new file written doesn't care because that write operation has to write regardless of whether there as data there or not. It makes no real difference whether it is all zeros or all ones or some combo, the new file has to arrange it the way it has to arrange it.

They stay where they are. Data is written in clusters onto the disk, inside those clusters circuits or little rods (depending on the technology) are positioned / charged to represent the files in binary. Those clusters are tagged for the OS to understand what clusters make up what files. When you delete a file, the clusters themselves remain but the tags are changed so you can overwrite the clusters with new data.

This is why if you accidentally delete something and realize it, you should boot to a live OS (so an OS running off a CD or flash drive, or whatever) that can examine the disk without exposing it to any write operations. If it happens quickly after deletion you can often re-construct the files.