There is Rugby football, Gaelic football, Australian football, Gridiron football, etc.

I hear people all over the world use the term association football when there is a need to specify which form of football and do not want to sound like an American.

I do not quite agree with you about baseball. You do not need a full diamond, especially with kids who can not throw far, hit far or run far. The space needed for a variant of baseball suitable for kids is roughly the size of a small football pitch, and the amount of players the same as well. Rowing as well seams quite expensive and complex nowadays but were very accessible when waterways were a major form of transport. And still today there are places where a rowing boat is just as versatile as a car and therefore just as common. American football can also be played by kids very easy. You do not need a full team and it can be played in a smaller format with say 8 kids and just a ball. Granted it can not be played on pavement or gravel like soccer though.

If someone who is being interviewed wants to help the journalist uncover the truth about a subject but does not want to risk their job or reputation they might tell the journalist something in confidence. They do this by telling the journalist to keep this off their records of what was said in the interview. The journalist would have to abandon their own morals and integrity to tell someone where they got the information from, which might cause them to lose their job. And even then the source will probably deny that they said it. So it is hard for the journalist to print the information as they are not able to verify to others where they got the information from. So it is not as valuable as if the source was willing to go on the record. However it can help the journalist ask the right question and dig in the right places to uncover the truth through other means.

In the 1980 movie "Airplane!" the cause of the disaster was some bad fish served on the flight which incapacitated both pilots. Even though this scenario was not realistic in reality most airliners introduced a policy of not having the pilots eat the same food in order to please public opinion. In practice this policy have not been enforced very hard and a lot of airliners have removed it by now.

The easiest way to remember this is that BC stand for Before Christ and AD stand for After Christ. In reality it does not but it is the easiest to remember. So if you say the Egyptians were present 1500 years before Christ and the Aztecs were present 1500 years after Christ that means that the Egyptians were here at least 3000 years before the Aztecs. In reality we do not know when the Egyptians came to be as they were already an advanced civilization when they made the earliest artifacts we have from them from about 5000 BC. And there are signs that they were conducting archeological digs back then and reusing what was even then ancient works.

This is such a huge subject that you can spend a decade at university learning business management and project methods only to find out that nobody knows how to measure productivity in a universal way. This does however not prevent people from trying, and usually failing.

For jobs like therapists you can try to measure productivity by measuring how fast patients stop requireing theraputic help. There are a number of factors you can measure such as the amount of perscribed medication (these cause side effects and kill the liver), episodes of psycotic breakdowns, how effective the patient is at work and at home, etc. But as you might imagine these numbers can be completely wrong in many cases. Not all therapists see the same type of patients so you will see very different performances. Some therapists might optimize for these metrics in a way which end up hurting the patient in the long run.

For bus drivers you can measure how often they crash (most full time bus drivers have about two minor crashes a year), you could ask the passengers, or just record complaints, you could measure how accurate they are between stops, some measure the acceleration on the bus trying to get the peaks as low as possible, you could measure the fuel consumption, etc. All of these are possible but again different drivers prefer different routes and will therefore perform differently according to these metrics. And you have conflicting metrics such as low acceleration rates penalizing emergency braking for safety, or making drivers run red lights to keep the time table.

Teachers are usually measured by standardized tests. All the pupils in the country take the same test which means you can compare the teachers and schools. But as soon as standardized tests are introduced it demonstrates social inequality in the sociaty and is also ripe for manipulation by the schools.

This is an anti-drip feature. The carafe is placed on a heating plate to make sure the coffee keep warm. But if you remove the carafe while there is still a tiny bit of liquid going through the filter the last drops of coffee will drop down on the hot plate making a foul burning smell. To prevent this some coffee makers add an anti-drip feature which shuts off the flow of coffee through the filter when you remove the carafe. Some are automatic and will only be open when the carafe push it out of the way and some are manual allowing you to better control the speed of the extraction. However make sure to clean the anti-drip system regularly as it often gets pieces of dried coffee in it preventing it from sealing. So a dirty coffee maker may drip even with an anti-drip feature.

Minecraft is an open world game where the player is allowed to do almost anything they want. In these types of games the player can set their own objectives if they want. This is nothing new. Games like GTA and Fallout have done this for some time. The difference in Minecraft is that there is no story and the objectives are an afterthought. There is an "End" and an achievement tree but this is mostly for tutorials and usually ignored by players. Instead people set their own goals and try to achieve those goals for themselves.

You are assuming that the universal speed limit, aka. the speed of light, applies to space itself. But this is not the case. Nothing can move faster then the univerals speed limit compared to the fabric of spacetime but the fabric itself does move faster then this. As far as we can tell the space that is infinatly far away from us also have infinate speed away from us. It could therefore have moved from a single point to where it is now.

Iron have the lowest energy in its nucleus of all the elements. If you fuse hydrogen atoms into helium the resulting helium atom have less energy then the hydrogen atoms you started with so the rest of the energy is released into the star. As you fuse together elements up the periodic table you always end up with more energy left over until you get to iron. If you fuse iron and hydrogen for example the resulting cobalt require more energy to hold its nucleus together then the iron and hydrogen atom combined, so you need to put more energy into the fusion then you gain from it. It is still possible to do this, in fact that is how all the cobalt and other heavy elements are made. But it reduces the amount of energy in the star instead of increase it so this is a very short lived period in a stars life.

Firstly the impression you have on native North American civilizations is from the 1800s after it had been ravaged by the effect of Europeans for three centuries. The Spanish explorers in the 1500s and later archeological evidence show that North American civilizations were very similar to the South American civilizations at the time. That means large cities with huge buildings, farmland as far as the eye can see, barges along the great river systems trading goods across the entire continents. We even find metalworking shops and metal items, although only for decorations as their alloys were not good enough to use.

There have been many attempts at explaining why the Americas were not more technologically advanced. The continent were much smaller which means that there are fewer places where the conditions are right for breakthrough. There were also fewer people so fewer people to come up with good ideas. In addition there were fewer useful animals. There were wolves (dogs) and lamas but not cows, horses, sheep, and many other animals useful for farmers and travelers.

The theory is that children is less able to control their blood sugar levels then adults and that their activity levels and sleepieness is related to their blood sugar levels. That would mean that giving kids sugar before bedtime would make it harder to put them to bed. As with most theories there is some truth to it but these effects are only seen in extreme cases of blood sugar spikes and falls. This is of course easier with children as they are smaller but regular candy, and especially not juice, will not be able to produce this result.

Your body does not experience temperature the same way a thermostat does. You generate heat and you feel temperature as how fast you get cooled down. One example of how this differs is the humidity in the air. When it is cold and humid the air require more energy to heat up so it can cool you down faster then if it was dry. The extreme case is if you get water on your skin, 14 degree water feels very cold. But more then likely it is due to draft. In a house without any air movement you will heat up the air around you and that is the temperature you will feel. But if there is a draft in the house the hot air around your body gets blown away and replaced with cold air. So a drafty house will feel much colder then a sealed house. Another difference might be the temperature of the walls, ceiling and floor. In addition to the convection heat transfer where temperature gets exchanged with anything that touches it you also have radiative heat transfer. Any object emit some infrared heat radiation and this gets absorbed by anything it hits. You may have experienced this when you are close to a fireplace, space heater or out in the sun. The walls in the house will similarly heat you up a bit. If the walls are cold, or have big windows, then you will feel much colder even if the air temperature is the same.

There are a lot of places where it is dificult to build roads. Such as hills, mountains, lakes, rivers, oceans, wetlands, etc. In addition to this roads tends to be built where people live. It is more efficient to build roads between the towns in an area then to build it straight and build lots of smaller roads connecting the towns to the main road. So if you look at a map you will see that the roads tends to go in straight lines connecting all the towns, mountain passes, bridge sites, etc. together. But that means a lot of turns as there are lots of these along the route.

Technically all your excrement was at one point stomach acid. But when the stomach acid is leached into your upper intestines it gets neutralized and is no longe an acid. This reduces any acid burns on your more sensitive intestinal walls.

Some currencies have their own index that they compare themselves against. This is usually based on the amount of trade with the other countries. But for the most part is is fine to use the dixie and dollar for the other currancies.

We use what is knows as the US Dollar Index, or Dixie for short. This is a weighted average of various other currencies. Euro is the biggest other currency but it also looks at Yen, Pound, Canadian dollars, Krona and Franc.

I think I touched on most of this but thanks for going more in depth on it.

The circadian rhythm is driven by a hormone called melatonin. When we have little melatonin we are awake but also start producing melatonin. When we have a lot of melatonin we get tired but also start breaking down the melatonin. If left completely alone this rhythm will repeat itself roughly every 24 hour. In some people less but in most people more. But things like light and meals will cause the melatonin levels to go down in order to tune the circadian rhythm to an even 24 hours which matches the day and night cycle.

In addition to the circadian rhythm the entire brain does not fall asleep. Part of your brain never sleeps and is able to wake up other parts on demand. This is how we have been able to stay alive for millions of years without getting eaten by predators or taken by landslides even though we need sleep every night. So even when sleeping you are constantly listening out for cues that it is time to get up and might even open your eyelids to scan the environment before falling back asleep. This means that things like a clock in the room, the sound of garbage men outside, light through the window, the neighbors alarm clock, etc. can cue your brain onto the idea that it is now time to wake up.

The first thing scientists did when hot air balloons were invented was to fly as high as they could to record the pressures and temperatures. Some almost died from the lack of oxygen and low temperatures. If you continued the graph of pressure at various altitudes you would see that there were indeed very little atmosphere in space, almost non-existant. This was confirmed by theories of pressure and gravity that had been developed using heavier fluids in labratories.

And when modern artillery was developed a bit over hundred years ago the shells were flying high enough that the reduced pressure was very significant. You could say we fired cannon shells into space and had to calculate their trajectory through vacuum. This provided us with even further insight into how the upper atmosphere behaved and the exact low pressures there.

When it comes to gravity there is actually plenty of gravity in low Earth orbit. But it is not gravity itself you feel. You feel the force pushing up from the ground countering gravity. If there is no forces acting on you we say you are weightless and in free fall. When you are in free fall you do not feel the effects of gravity on your body and your surounding things. The ground is just approaching you at an alarming rate.

This is the case with astronauts as well, there is nothing pushing them so they are weightless in free fall. The reason they do not hit the ground is that they are moving very fast sideways and is therefore able to miss the Earth as they fall towards it. And once they missed the Earth and is on the other side they will fall towards the Earth from the other side but still have the high speed so they miss again.

The fact that you never see anyone buy them only means that people in your social circle is not buying tabloids. The tabloids still find a market in less educated social circles. The fact that the stories are not true does not mean as much because they do form the background to a lot of discussions in these circles.

This comes from the formation of modern democracy. There were parliments all over Europe with lots of smaller parties or even independent politicians. Parties that would agree with each other would often sit together so you often ended up with right and left wings of these parliments. As it happened they split on the great political debate on the distribution of power between the newly formed labor class and capitalist class. And in most of the parliments the labor friendly politicians sat on the left while the capitalist friendly politicians sat on the right. Obviously each parliment was different and political divides were different but this was the general trend. So the left-right divide became a common politican term.

There are several ways. Firstly when the car is hit in the side it suddenly starts accelerating sideways. If the people inside the car is not wearing seatbelts they will not be accelerating with the car. And so the car door will come and smash them in the side so hard that the glass shatters and the steel doors buckle and tear. The door might therefore let people through it, either through the window or through a torn up opening. It might for example just catch a leg and tear it off as the rest of the body is squezed through the window hitting the other car.

But if the car door is able to keep the passengers inside the car they are now bounced back inside the car. They might also hit things like the center console, dashboard, car seats, etc. and get bounced all over the place. If someone hits a weak point in the car such as the windows, windscreen, sunroof or a damaged door they might do so with enough force to go thorugh. Not always the entire body though, commonly only an arm, a leg or a head is able to get outside and the rest of the body stay inside the car. There are a lot of forces involved here.

And lastly as you say the car may spin out of control, either sideways or rolling. This creates a centrifugal force pushing everything outwards. So again people might get smashed against windows and doors already weakened or broken from the initial crash.

The seatbelts are there to protect you. They keep you in your seat away from any of the windows and doors as well as away from any impacting vehicles. Instead of getting smashed in the head by the inside of a car door which used to be on the other side of the car a fraction of a second ago you get a comperatively slow acceleration with the car.

The question was specifically about elements of the periodic table. But you are completely right that the concept of unobtainium comes from the research into alloys. Things like magnesium aluminium creating light but very strong metals, then titanium alloys with even better properties and so on. A lot of this research have faded from the spotlight after plastics took over most of the uses, for example in fiberglass. Currently things like kevlar and carbon fiber have taken over the spotlight from metal alloys so things like unobtainium is hard to imagine for most people.