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Certainly any experiments around how earth's gravity influences biology, materials, etc. Artemis can test the effects of both zero gravity in space and low gravity on the Moon and Mars.

but we can already test no gravity experiments on the ISS...

That's interesting how gravity influences biology?! Certainly our vascular system and bone structure are evolved to work against it,..

The ISS will likely be getting decommissioned by the end of the decade so there will be need for a new space station. The lunar gateway, which is part of Artemis, is that replacement

Well for starters it’s a lot easier to study the lunar surface when you’re on the lunar surface

Effects of radiation. While exposure rates are higher on the ISS than the ground, the rate in space, the Moon, or Mars is much higher. It's also much different than we can test on Earth.

If we plan know sending humans farther than LEO than we Need to study this. But if their argument is we shouldn't send people, then there's really no answer as to why the program is a necessity.imo

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Radiation is a big one. Earths magnetic field shields a lot on the ISS.

It's also about finding the things we don't know yet.

As for benefits of sending people. All of this has to be planned and constructed. People do that do get paid. The Apollo program for example returned $7 for each dollar invested: https://space.nss.org/settlement/nasa/spaceresvol4/newspace3.html

> Compared with other forms of investment, the return is outstanding: A payback of $7 or 8 for every $1 invested over a period of a decade or so has been calculated for the Apollo Program, which at its peak accounted for a mere 4 percent of the Federal budget. It has been further estimated that, because of the potential for technology transfer and spinoff industries, every $1 spent on basic research in space today will generate $40 worth of economic growth on Earth.

Some new tech will have to be developed which will be useful here on earth. So forth and so on.

The "problem" is that it doesn't benefit singular investors but society at large. So private companies won't finance programs at such a scale and you need to do some thinking to see how those benefits flow back into your pocket.

One of the goals of Artemis is discovery, measurement, and experiments with lunar surface materials like ice in polar craters. Lunar surface materials are, by definition, on the moon, not Earth.

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