Few are, but I’m working with small children who have had their young lives in upheaval, who came when they were as young as five. Lots of trauma and loss and disruption, in the mix.

Their parents have reported a range of schooling that was accessible to their boys as well. Some of the schools still use severe corporal punishment and parents had to pay for private school to avoid abuse. Not all could afford.

The Dari and Farsi speakers are more literate and faster at picking up language which is likely w socio economic advantage over the Pashto speakers.