That causes it to switch over to the hot water pipes. But the water that you 1st get out of those pipes is not water that is in the water heater. It is water that has been sitting in the pipes and has gotten to the same temperature as the air around it. Depending on where you are and what time of year it is, that can end up being a lot colder than the "cold" water. Because the water we think of as the cold water is not actually cooled, but just kept in pipes largely underground.

The water in your water heater tank is far to hot to use, so instead it is blended with cold water at the tap. This increases the amount of hot water available to be used. So, when you turn the cold tap down, you are reducing the amount of cold water being mixed with the incoming hot water. This is why turning off your cold tap makes your water get hotter. As for why it takes so long, as another commenter pointed out, it takes time for the water that has been sitting stagnant in the pipes for a while to get used and for truly cold water to be running through your taps. The water that has been sitting in your pipes in your house is a good deal warmer than the fresh cold water coming from the underground main line.

But the water has already been running. I’m trying to get it to go from hot to hotter, so I turn off the cold but then it gets colder.

That doesn’t explain why it gets colder for a while when I turn off the cold water.

I have never experienced this phenomenon so I really can't say anything other than it doesn't make much sense why this would happen

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My best guess is you need to replace some stuff. Something's probably halfway broken in your taps.