There's two things Newton did here, one was understanding that things accelerate under a force. For the apple to start falling there needed to be some force acting on it and that force was equivalent to the mass of the object times it's acceleration, which, it put another way, was that the apple was accelerated towards the earth by an amount equivalent to the force acting upon it divided by it's mass.

The second thing was gravity. So what force was acting upon that apple? It was the force of Gravity! That force was proportional to the masses of the two objects divided by the distance between them squared.

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Side note: notice that when you take the force of gravity and divide it by the mass of the object being acted upon, the apple, to find out how it's accelerated, the mass of the apple will cancel out by division; and so it doesn't matter of the gravity of earth is acting on apples or bowling balls, the force is the same!

The first is important because under the Teleological framework things had an innate motion towards some ideal state and from this we can start to appeal to faith to divine what things want to move towards. Under Newton's laws things only move when acted upon by some force being applied to them. The second is important because it defines gravity of massive objects as the force that moves objects towards the ground on earth and what keeps the planets orbiting the sun and the moons orbiting their planets rather than the hand of God or some other ideal. Why is this important? It means we can predict natural phenomena rather than appealing to prayer. We can predict the tides, and predicting the tides was really really useful in an age where shipping was economically critical.

Before Newton there were some attempts to predict the tides but they didn't have anywhere near universal success and so people might as well appeal to faith or superstition as they might anyone else who is only sometimes correct. Newton was reliable in his prediction to a point it became hard to ignore... but we've wandered off OP's question here.