This is grossly implausible for sonar for a variety of reasons, including (but almost certainly not limited to):

• potentially very substantial added complexity to receiving microphones in order to extract spectral information from a sonar return (depending on spectrum used)
• the extremely low bandwidth available from sonar pulses from emitters a practical distance away (at least tens to hundreds of kilometers if not more) because of the attenuation of higher frequency sound in water
• the high frequency dependence of attenuation and dispersal of sound in water
• the extremely challenging noise environment at usable frequencies