Common is a learned language, though. It is explicitly developed from a mixture of Dwarven and Human languages, originating as a pidgin trade-tongue. This is why there is the completely separate "undercommon", which developed from Dwarvish and Elvish languages (specifically the language of Dark Elves).

There are a few languages in D&D that this does qualify, though, specifically Draconic and Primordial. Dragons (and kobolds, and other dragon-related sentients) innately understand and can speak Draconic. All elemental creatures from the Inner Planes are mutually intelligible, even if they are technically divided into four varieties. Celestial and Infernal are natively understood by beings of the Higher and Lower planes, though can be learned by others (usually clerics and warlocks respectively).