For what type of problems would this be useful for? Leetcode style problems have deterministic conditions, why use ML to solve that class of problems?

Only thing that comes to mind is HackerRank's AI section. Might be outdated not sure but it was similar to what you are looking for I think. Might be more AI than ML.

The Code page on kaggle has a lot of different stuff but you’ll have to look around

It's useful to approach these as toy problems. It's much easier to test and understand what's going on with a simple problem before applying to complex problems.

As an example, being able to model XOR with machine learning is a common intro exercise, since it shows the limitations of basic methods and the necessity for non-linear models. Obviously in real life you would just use XOR itself.

Not quite what you're looking for, but take a look at Deep Learning Interviews by Shlomo Kashani. If you want the cut and dry of interview questions on basic theory for statistical and deep learning methods, then this book is a great resource. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.00650.pdf#:~:text=Deep%20Learning%20Interviews%20is%20home,organized%20overview%20of%20the%20field

Thank you for the clarification.