Most of the corrosion happens while the steel is exposed to the liquid vinegar. Once the vinegar evaporates you’d have a pitted texture with rust. Imagine that’s sample A and we have sample B that’s the same but after that first flash-rust, we rinsed and neutralized sample B. From that point on, I think sample A might corrode faster due to remnant vinegar but I’m not sure, and I imagine that if it did, the corrosion rates of the two samples would equalize after some time.

Edit - to explain further, what makes vinegar increase future corrosion is the rough surface finish it creates at initial exposure. The smoother the surface, the more resistant the surface is to rust. Sandblasting is exactly the same (it removes rust, but also primes the steel for increased future rust).