They are related, but not the same. The FDA Modernization Act gave the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the statutory authority to consider evidence from non-animal methods—including data from in silico tools and complex in vitro models of human physiological systems, like organoids and organs-on-chips—when assessing whether a new compound can enter clinical trials with human volunteers. And the Research Modernization Deal can take us the rest of the way, providing a path to phasing out experiments on animals in non-regulatory research!