I'm talking about the modern era where we don't justify current actions based on history that happened hundreds or thousands of years ago.

Honestly, I personally don't have a problem with globalization, but a company might be hesitant to have millions of dollars worth of R&D appropriated by their competitors, and a country might be hesitant to have it's tech advantage taken and mass produced by weapons manufacturers loyal to their adversaries. The US government isn't really thinking about how 700 years ago Europe got the knowledge about gunpowder from China. Currently, it is well known that lots of Chinese tech is based on designs by foreign inventors which was not lawfully obtained, so it makes perfect sense why the US would want to restrict or slow this process for their own interests.